Ma`rifat Farhangi Ejtemaei

The periods of science are among the important topics of social sciences. This article deals with two important periods of the science of mysticism and its intellectual leaders, i.e. the periods of flourishing and emergence of Muhyiddin Arab and Sadr al-Muta’allehin. Social conditions, sophisticated families, and the scientific and political advancement in these two periods led to the emergence of these two influential figures. Using "comparative" method within the framework of the "basic methodology" theory (a theory in the sociology of knowledge based on Sadra's critical realism, this article investigated the scientific progress and epistemic and non-epistemological principles of the two periods and found that, compared to the past periods, mysticism in the period of flourishing put aside the approach of isolation and was made Shiite by Seyyed Heydar Amuli. In addition, the philosophizing of mysticism by the personality of Sadr al-Muta’allehin, who is indebted to Ibn Arabi, as well as the emergence of mysticism in the social arena by the students of the Najaf mystic school and neo-Sadraites such as Imam Khomeini, and their role in revolutionary and religious uprisings and the emergence of secular mysticism in the present era are points that are worth considering.