The Typology of Different Perceptions of Culture in Iran: Contexts and Consequences

Gholamreza Parhizkar / Assistant Professor of the Department of Sociology at the Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute                                                                                                                                 gpicac@gmail.com

Received: 2019/02/09 – Accepted: 2019/08/06

Abstract

Culture, in its modern sense, gradually entered Iran, and with the changes that the term found in the West, different perceptions of it became commonplace in Iran. Most conceptions, when it came to popular culture, gradually acclimated to an indigenous conception of it, and at the same time a place for it in the administrative system was defined, but at the elite level these perceptions have sometimes been the source of conflict. This article, which is mainly descriptive, deals with six concepts of culture in Iran: public and modern education, human achievements, cultural heritage, art, Islam and Western culture, and describes each. Finally, these six views have been evaluated and, with some evidence, two recent views of culture have been introduced as the main and influential ones in today's Iran.

Keywords: Cultural Perceptions, Iran, Islam, Western Culture, Public Education, Cultural Heritage, Art.

An Analysis of Population Changes in Iran; Emphasizing on the Golden Opportunity of Demographic Window

Muhammad Fooladi / Associate Professor of the Department of Sociology at the Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute                                                                                                                                      fooladi@iki.ac.ir

Received: 2019/04/20 – Accepted: 2019/09/07

Abstract

Observing the population in Iran, and its ups and downs, and the process of population growth by implementing family planning policy at a time in the country's history, and abandoning the policy after a while, the Islamic community faced the problem of a sharp decline in fertility and an aging population. This approach to population decline was changed by the announcement of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in 2012 and became a discourse on population growth. Since then, this policy has not been properly considered by the authorities. Despite the negative consequences of declining fertility and population, Iran appears to be in a great turn and a golden opportunity for a demographic window; the chance that many countries around the world are hoping that if properly managed, many threats to the population will be eliminated. This paper using analytical and documentary method, deals with the statistical analysis of the demographic changes in Iran, exploring the implications of diminishing concentration, referring to the golden opportunity of the demographic window. Research findings suggest that in a well-managed demographic window, the threat of population decline can be transformed into an opportunity to improve the quality of human capital, increase the supply of labor, increase savings and investment of people, reduce poverty and manage age fluctuations in production and consumption.

Keywords: Population, Population Reduction, Demographic Window, Population Statistics.

The Anthropological Foundations of Imam Khomeini's Political Life Style

Seyed Hamed Onvani / Ph.D. Student of Teaching Islamic Studies, Theoretical Foundations of Islam at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad                                                                            se.onvani@mail.um.ac.ir

@ Vahideh Fakhar Noughani / Assistant Professor at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad        

                                                                                                                                     fakhar@um.ac.ir

Seyed Hussein Seyed Mousavi / Associate Professor at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

                                                                                                shmosavi@um.ac.ir

Seyed Morteza Husseini Shahroudi / Professor at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Received: 2019/05/02 – Accepted: 2019/09/17                                 shahrudi@um.ac.ir

Abstract

The political life style is: "The ways of dealing with the most important tasks in order to achieve the goals of the political life". Imam Khomeini is a contemporary charismatic character who is a moralist and a style owner, and his remarkable effort to bring about the Islamic Revolution and its leadership has provided a suitable basis for examining his political lifestyle. Considering the formation of style from its unique foundations as well as the important role of anthropology in drawing political life style, the main issue of this research is to study the most important anthropological foundations of Imam Khomeini and their impact on his political life style. This descriptive-analytic study investigates the works left by Imam Khomeini. Research findings show that in the political lifestyle of Imam Khomeini, ways of dealing with political tasks - such as promoting justice, combating cruelty, increasing insight into the illegitimacy of the Pahlavi system, etc. - rely on the basics of anthropology, such as the divine nature of man, the limitlessness of man in terms of the emergence of perfection, the power of man to determine the fate and priority of the Hereafter's life over worldly life.

Keywords: Imam Khomeini, Anthropology, Political Life Style, Monotheistic Society.

The Relationship of Will and Knowledge in Peter Berger's Social Theory

@ Mohammad Reza Maleki Broujeni / MA of the Philosophy of Social Sciences from Tehran University mreza.maleki@ut.ac.ir

Abdolhussein Kalantari / Associate Professor of Sociology at Tehran University

Received: 2019/04/07 – Accepted: 2019/08/15                               abkalantari@ut.ac.ir

Abstract

The historical question about the relation between will and knowledge is whether will and ultimately action is subject to knowledge or science or is it the will that organizes knowledge? Continuing this question, in organizing a social theory in general, and Peter Berger and Thomas Lockman's theory of social reality in particular, to what extent does the will play a role in the formation of knowledge? The dual creation of the will to knowledge perception and the will to the creation of knowledge help us by analyzing and outlining the basic concepts of Berger's social theory to show how is the relation of will and knowledge in each of the concepts of this theory. In some concepts, neither the will to perception nor the will to knowledge is related. Like face-to-face position. In some concepts, there is both the will to create knowledge and the will to perceive knowledge, such as typification. In some concepts, at first there is the will to create knowledge, but eventually, the will becomes to the perception of knowledge; like tradition and institutionalization. This article shows how much of a will is influenced by a theory of knowledge. This study utilizes a rational analysis method and is arranged by reviewing library documents.

Keywords: The Social Construction of Reality, Peter Berger, The Relation of Knowledge and Will, Knowledge and Will, Science and Will.

Educational Ethnography; Case Study of Noor School in Kenya

@ Seyfullah Fazlulahi Ghomshi / Assistant Professor of the Department of Curriculum Development at Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch                                                                                                     fazlollahigh@qom-iau.ac.ir

Mahdi Yousefi / Assistant Professor of the Department of Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch                                                                                             Mehdy.u@gmail.com

Received: 2019/04/11 – Accepted: 2019/09/22

Abstract

Ethnography is one of the methods of qualitative research that has gained popularity over the past years. This article has been used in various fields of human research because of the extensive information it provides about its study environment. The impact has been so considerable that some scholars have cited ethnography as a measure of the qualitative approach of research. This type of research is based on being in the real environment of the research and communicating very closely with the research environment. In this study, ethnography studies one of the primary schools in a Kenyan village called Uriri, and refers to the ethnography of classes, teachers and students of the school. The results of this study indicate that Kenya's elementary schools are formed based on the close relationship between teacher and student and in traditional classrooms without modern media tools. In the meantime, the school and its ruling culture are strongly influenced by the social conditions and culture of the community and have their own influence either, and there is a profound twist between the school culture and the culture of the surrounding community; in such a way that the amount of wealth, poverty, problems, delinquency, crime, demand or lack of demand for schooling in the community and families influences the school and culture of students' learning and their relationship with teachers while also affects it.

Keywords: Ethnography, Teacher, Student, Noor School, Uriri Village, Kenya.